Web servers
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Note
You can now use composable image (BETA) to install runtimes and tools in your application container. To find out more, see the dedicated documentation page.
The Python ecosystem offers a number of web servers that can be used to deploy to Upsun.
The following examples deploy a Django project named myapp.
They assume a myapp/wsgi.py or myapp/asgi.py file with a callable application.
Adjust the examples to fit your framework and app.
Gunicorn 
Gunicorn is a Python WSGI HTTP Server for Unix that operates on a pre-fork worker model. The Gunicorn server is broadly compatible with various web frameworks, light on server resource usage, and fast.
To deploy with Gunicorn on Upsun , use one of the following examples to update your app configuration.
The examples vary based on both your package manager (Pip, Pipenv, or Poetry) and whether your app listens on a TCP (default) or Unix (for running behind a proxy server) socket. For more information on upstream sockets and protocols, see the application reference.
The snippets below assume that Gunicorn has been added as a dependency to your requirements.txt, Pipfile.lock, or poetry.lock.
applications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
commands:
start: "gunicorn -w 4 -b localhost:$PORT myapp.wsgi:application"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "gunicorn -w 4 -b unix:$SOCKET myapp.wsgi:application"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
commands:
start: "pipenv run gunicorn -w 4 -b localhost:$PORT myapp.wsgi:application"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "pipenv run gunicorn -w 4 -b unix:$SOCKET myapp.wsgi:application"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
commands:
start: "poetry run gunicorn -w 4 -b localhost:$PORT myapp.wsgi:application"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "poetry run gunicorn -w 4 -b unix:$SOCKET myapp.wsgi:application"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: true Gunicorn workers
These examples define four worker processes with -w 4.
For more details on what you can configure, see the Gunicorn documentation.
Workers can also be defined with a custom worker class, such as Uvicorn, gevent, or Tornado.
For example, to add a Uvicorn worker class to the pip example for Unix, adjust the start command to the following:
applications:
# The app's name, which must be unique within the project.
myapp:
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "gunicorn -w 4 -k uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker -b unix:$SOCKET myapp.wsgi:application" Daphne
Daphne is a HTTP, HTTP2 ,and WebSocket protocol server for ASGI and ASGI-HTTP, developed to power Django Channels.
To deploy with Daphne on Upsun , use one of the following examples to update your app configuration.
The examples vary based on both your package manager (Pip, Pipenv, or Poetry) and whether your app listens on a TCP (default) or Unix (for running behind a proxy server) socket. For more information on upstream sockets and protocols, see the application reference.
The snippets below assume that Daphne has been added as a dependency to your requirements.txt, Pipfile.lock, or poetry.lock.
applications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
commands:
start: "daphne -p $PORT myapp.asgi:application"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "daphne -u $SOCKET myapp.asgi:application"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
commands:
start: "pipenv run daphne -p $PORT myapp.asgi:application"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "pipenv run daphne -u $SOCKET myapp.asgi:application"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
commands:
start: "poetry run daphne -p $PORT myapp.asgi:application"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "poetry run -u $SOCKET myapp.asgi:application"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: true Uvicorn
Uvicorn is an ASGI web server implementation for Python.
To deploy with Uvicorn on Upsun , use one of the following examples to update your app configuration.
The examples vary based on both your package manager (Pip, Pipenv, or Poetry) and whether your app listens on a TCP (default) or Unix (for running behind a proxy server) socket. For more information on upstream sockets and protocols, see the application reference.
The snippets below assume that Uvicorn has been added as a dependency to your requirements.txt, Pipfile.lock, or poetry.lock.
applications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
commands:
start: "uvicorn myapp.asgi:application --port $PORT --workers 4"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "uvicorn myapp.asgi:application --uds $SOCKET --workers 4"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
commands:
start: "pipenv run uvicorn myapp.asgi:application --port $PORT --workers 4"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "pipenv run uvicorn myapp.asgi:application --uds $SOCKET --workers 4"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
commands:
start: "poetry run uvicorn myapp.asgi:application --port $PORT --workers 4"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "poetry run uvicorn myapp.asgi:application --uds $SOCKET --workers 4"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: true Uvicorn workers
These examples define four worker processes with -w 4.
For more recommendations on this and other settings, see the Uvicorn documentation.
Instead of the -w flag, you can also use the WEB_CONCURRENCY variable.
See how to set variables.
Hypercorn
Hypercorn is an ASGI and WSGI web server inspired by Gunicorn.
To deploy with Hypercorn on Upsun , use one of the following examples to update your app configuration.
The examples vary based on both your package manager (Pip, Pipenv, or Poetry) and whether your app listens on a TCP (default) or Unix (for running behind a proxy server) socket. For more information on upstream sockets and protocols, see the application reference.
The snippets below assume that Hypercorn has been added as a dependency to your requirements.txt, Pipfile.lock, or poetry.lock.
applications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
commands:
start: "hypercorn myapp.asgi:application -b localhost:$PORT -w 4"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "hypercorn myapp.asgi:application -b unix:$SOCKET -w 4"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
commands:
start: "pipenv run hypercorn myapp.asgi:application -b localhost:$PORT -w 4"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "pipenv run hypercorn myapp.asgi:application -b unix:$SOCKET -w 4"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
commands:
start: "poetry run hypercorn myapp.asgi:application -b localhost:$PORT -w 4"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: trueapplications:
# The name of the app container. Must be unique within a project.
myapp:
# The location of the application's code.
source:
root: "/"
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "poetry run hypercorn myapp.asgi:application -b unix:$SOCKET -w 4"
locations:
"/":
passthru: true
"/static":
root: "static"
expires: 1h
allow: true Hypercorn workers
These examples define four worker processes with -w 4.
For more details on what you can configure, see the Hypercorn documentation.
Workers can also be defined with a custom worker class, such as Asyncio, Uvloop, or Trio.
For example, to add a Asyncio worker class to the pip example for Unix, adjust the start command to the following:
applications:
# The app's name, which must be unique within the project.
myapp:
type: 'python:3.9'
web:
upstream:
socket_family: unix
commands:
start: "hypercorn myapp.asgi:application -b unix:$SOCKET -w 4 -k asyncio"